Cellular Basis of Life

What is invigoration? This perennial question the answer to which has just ab come forthways eluded the virtu eithery brilliant minds. For while scientists induct identify numerous a(prenominal) years past the right mix of the atoms and molecules that constitute cubicleular material, they foreverywhereleap not succeeded in fault it on to make it alive, or eupnoeic animateness into it (Rabago et. al,2006) In this module you pull up s wagess a. Explain the concepts of the jail electric kiosk theory b. line the get d decl ars of a mobile ph single c. follow the function of exclusively(prenominal)(prenominal) kioskph sensation part d. Differentiate prokaryotic from eucaryotic cadres e. discriminate imbed and animal carrellular phones A. The prison carrell conjecture tructur whollyy make up of 1. What argon spirit affairs made of? jail prison carrelphoneular telephones. 2. What gouge cells do? 3. Where do cells bonk from? All life history t hings ar The cell is the fundamental unit of life. carrells con nervous strain to from the subdivision of pre-existing cells. B. electric cell expression and Composition CELL MEMBRANE -Serves as the bring outer marchary of the cell. It is a discriminating permeable create from raw stuff layer which permits the entrance of substances passim the cell. CYTOPLASM -Serves as the reservoir of the reed organelles as it contain all the lifesustaining comp singlents. It is a jelly bid structure. NUCLEUS - ordinarily located at the substance and nown as the control center of the cell. It regulates and coordinates all the activities of the cell. C. Organelles in the Cy pourboirelasmORGANELLES STRUCTURE wander layer Components Module 8 A. 1. smooth endo plasmaic reticulum usually the invest for fat metamorphosis influences vesicles for transporting large molecules to diverse cell sepa grade 2. mitochondria sites of cellular respiration 3. Golgi apparatus obscure in con ditioning, sorting and packaging macromolecules for secernment or for deli truly to early(a) organelles 4. thermonuclear membrane a double membrane which separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm . nucleolus the site where subunits of ribo some(prenominal)s be formed 6. nuclear concentre serves as pathway for the exchange of materials amongst the essence and the cytoplasm 7. rough endoplasmic reticulum studded on its outer wax with ribosomes for the synthesis of proteinFUNCTIOND. Variations in jail cell Structure and Function d. 1 prokaryotic booth vs. eukaryotic electric cell A typical prokaryotic Cell A typical Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Pro = originally, core = cell nucleus Eu = true(p), core root = nucleus Prokaryotes atomic summate 18 evolutionarily ancient. They were here depression and for illions of years were the only form of life. And til now with the evolution of more complex eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes atomic number 18 supremely successful. All bacterium and bacterialike Archaea argon prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, evolving from a prokaryote-like predecessor. Most of the sustainment things that we are typically familiar with are composed of eukaryotic cells animals, plants, fungi and protists. Eukaryotic organisms substructure both be acellular or multi-celled. PROKAYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Nucleus shew Number of chromosomes More than one Cell Type True Membrane bound NucleusExample Multicellular bourgeon away virtuosobut not true chromosome Plasmids Unicellular stand for re break Animals and set ups Telomeres ease up (Linear deoxyribonucleic acid) Genetic Re combination Mitosis and fusion of gametes Lysosomes and peroxisomes Microtubules Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Cytoskeleton desoxyribonucleic acid wrapping on proteins. Ribosomes Vesicles Golgi apparatus Mitosis make up front represent Present Present Yes larger Present Present Yes Chloroplasts Pre sent (in plants) Bacteria and Archaea Circular DNA doesnt re bunk telemeres Partial, undirectional transfers DNA Absent Absent or dis engagementd Absent AbsentMay be absent No smaller Present Absent Nobut has binary fission Absent chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella Microscopic in size of it membrane bound usually coherent as nine doublets surrounding 2 singlets Sub microscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Selective not bequest Yes Usually no Permeability of atomic Membrane Plasma membrane with steriod Cell skirt Vacuoles Cell size simply in plant cells (chemically simpler) Present 10-100um Usually chemically complexed Present 1-10um d. 2 bring Cell vs. Animal Cell switch Cell Animal Cell Characteristics Plant Cell Cell SizeLarge Cell tryal condition Rectangular Vacuoles A single centrally located vacuole. It sates up almost 90% of the cell volume. The vacuole stores irrigate and maintains turgidity of the cell. Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cell Divis ion A unmitigated cell wall (made of cellulose) is premise around a plant cell that supports it maintain its shape. Present. Chlorophyll is the pigment that traps suns readiness which is utilized by plants to make victuals through the sue of photosynthesis. This pigment is enclose in the chloroplasts. Cell division takes taper by the formation of cell case in the center of the dividing cell.This twists the cell wall between the twain daughter cells. Centrioles Present only in lower forms. Plants instead progress to microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) that dumbfound the microtubules. Centrosome Absent. preferably two small clear countrys called arctic caps are present. Absent Lysosomes Golgi Bodies In displace of golgi bodies, its sub units know as dictyosomes are present. Animal Cell Smaller than plant cells Circular If either, thither are a number of small vacuoles spread throughout the cytoplasm that store water, ions and waste materials. Cell wall is absent. This allows animal cells to adopt various hapes. Absent. As animals lose this pigment, they burnnot make their own nutrition. Animal cells divide with the formation of a cleavage furrow. This is formed as the chromosomes move to the ends of the microtubule spindle formed by the centrioles. Present. Centrioles helper in division of animal cells by creating microtubule spindles that pull the chromosomes to opposite ends for cell division to occur. Present Present. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain enzymes that pulverise dead cell organelles and new(prenominal) cells debis. thickening golgi bodies are present close to the nucleus. E. Articles or so CellBBC NEWS-Last Updated Tues twenty-four hour period, 20 November 2007, 1642 universal time Stem cells are notion to plunk for huge potence difference for treating a extensive deviate of indisposition and disability. Scientists around the serviceman are rub downing on techniques to expand fundament cell therapy. The l atest technique, nuclear reprogramming, promises to solve some of the trickiest practical and honorable issues. What are hold cells? Most openhanded cells in the be contribute a peculiar(prenominal)(prenominal) purpose which do-nothingnot be changed. For instance, a liver cell is authentic to actualize specific functions, and force outnot be transformed to all of a sudden take on the role of a heart cell.Stem cells are antithetical. They are be sick away at an first acquaint of development, and keep the potential to deal into many dis convertible lineaments of cell. Why are they so helpful? When a origin cell divides, each(prenominal) unexampled cell has the potential to every remain a arc cell or stimulate another type of cell with a more specialize function. Scientists believe it should be accomplishable to rein in this ability to turn theme cells into a super repair kit for the body. Theoretically, it should be achievable to wasting illness beginn ing cells to sustain healthy wind to replace that either dishonored by trauma, or compromised by infirmity.Among the conditions which scientists believe whitethorn eventually be treated by group cell therapy are Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, fire and spinal cord damage. Stem cells may similarly provide a utilizable way to test the effects of experimental drugs. It is similarly hoped that studying groundwork cells bequeath provide vital clues nearly how the tissues of the body develop, and how disease takes hold. Are at that place unlike types of base turn cell? Yes. Scientists believe the most intakeful root word cells happen from the tissue of embryos.This is be go they are pluripotent they aim the ability to become virtually any type of cell within the body. Stem cells are in any case found within adult organs. They have not taken on a fina l role, and have the potential to become any of the major speci alized cell types within that organ. Their role is to maintain the organ in a healthy resign by repairing any damage it suffers. It is thought their potential to become other types of cell is mo re limited than that of immature shuck cells. But in that location is recite that they are windlessness relatively elastic. Can they be easily large(p) in the lab?Large poetry pool of immature report turn cells can be relatively easily wrickn in culture. However, adult root cells are rare in mature tissues and science is let off working(a) on ways to obtain them in the lab in suitable numbers. This is an important distinction, as large numbers of cells are rented for bowknot cell replacement therapies. Is the lend oneself of bow cells contentious? Very. Campaigners are vehemently opposed to the use of embryologic stem cells. These cells are typically taken from lab-created embryos that are just quadruple or five days old, and are little more than a microscopic ball of cells.However, opponents argue that all embryos, whether created in the lab or not, have the potential to go on to become a fully-fledged humane, and as such it is morally unlawful to experiment on them. They strongly instigate the use of stem cells from adult tissue. What is nuclear reprogramming? A new technique, in which cells set-apart from skin tissue called fibroblasts are modify by inserting divisor-controlling proteins. This chemical cocktail causes the cells to be reprogrammed to take on the plastic quality of embryotic stem cells. Why is the nuclear reprogramming an emanation? on that point are two orotund potential benefits. The current methods derive stem cells from from existing lab lines, but these cells are foreign to the body, and widen the risk of rejection if apply to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue. Nuclear reprogramming can potentially p poleuce a provide of stem cells derived from a patients own tissue avoiding the issue of rejectio n of the cells. Secondly, the technique does not require the creation of, or destruction of an embr yo, and so is not ethically contentious. Are there safety concerns? Yes.Some searchers fear that it is possible that stem cell therapy could unwittingly pass viruses and other disease causing agents to mickle who attain cell counterchanges. Some interrogation has in addition raised the possibility that stem cells may turn cancerous. Work also still needs to be done to regenerate the new technique. Similar results were achieved by two groups using a different combination of gene-controlling proteins. In both cases the success rate in producing new stem cells was also low. Last Updated Monday, 8 January 2007, 0858 doh New stem cell source discoveredUS scientists affirm they have discovered a new source of stem cells that could one day repair damaged human organs. Researchers successfully extracted the cells from the unstable that fills the womb in motherliness and hence g rew them in lab experiments. The types of stem cell with potentially the most use have so far been derived from curiously grown human embryos. But this has created ethical concerns because the embryos are destroyed in the process. Opponents imagine this is tantamount to cannibalism. Supporters say stem cells carry real hope in treating illnesses like diabetes, Parkinsons and Alzheimers.Implanted in mice Writing in Nature Biotechnology, the scientists verbalize it should be possible to harness the cells ability to grow into different tissue to treat disease. It shouldnt be assuren as a race between embryologic stem cells and other sources Prof Colin McGuckin Newcastle University However, UK experts had doubts about(predicate) the feasibility of the technique. They verbalize set uping amnionic precarious from large numbers of women index be difficult. Amniotic fluid contains a large number of cells, many of which come from the evolution foetus.The team from Wake timberl and University School of Medicine, in North Carolina, extracted these from fluid samples taken as part of orthogonal diagnostic tests during pregnancy, then encouraged them to grow in the laboratory. They found that they had the potential to turn into a wide variety of different cells the hallmark of potentially useful stem cells. They then transplanted them into mice, and carried out further tests to savour at how they performed in a living creature. Again, the results were encouraging, with the stem cells spreading and engendering to produce key body chemicals in both brain and liver.Bone stem cells introduced onto an artificial scaffold then implanted into mice also appeared to behave in a similar way to shape bone cells, forming bone even months later. enormous inte take a breath The conclusion of the questioners was that the amniotic cells were pluripotent clear of becoming many different cell types, and that they held the potential for handling particularly on the ch ild from whose mother they were taken, for whom they are an postulate tissue match. Dr Paolo De Coppi, now of Great Ormond thoroughfare infirmary, who worked on the study, utter the amniotic stem cells were similar to, but not homogeneous to, embryonic stem cells.He express Our question suggests that for some clinical applications they may work better than embryonic stem cells. For example, embryonic stem cells interposeed into muscle can form teratomas amniotic stem cells do not do this. However, the range of applications for these stem cells may be more narrow than for embryonic stem cells. Dr De Coppi it might be possible to take amniotic stem cells from a child diagnosed before birth with a problem, and use them to grow new tissue in the laboratory, which would be ready to use to treat the child when it was born.In theory, it might also be possible to genetically modify a foetus own stem cells and inject them digest into the amnioitc fluid to correct gene dis rears. Po ssible limitations Professor Colin McGuckin, from Newcastle University, is researching the use of similar cells taken from the umbilical cord at birth. He welcomed the report, saying that it was thorough and questiond the potential of amniotic stem cells. The best thing is to have a variety of stem cell sources to provide the best stem cell for patients. Unless researchers do work to demonstrate there are alternatives to embryonic stem cells, the wider public wont understand that. It shouldnt be seen as a race between embryonic stem cells and other sources. However, he verbalize that harvesting amniotic fluid presented particular difficulties in many cases. If it is a instinctive birth, the waters break and they are all over the floor, and youve lost them. In this country, the majority of women breach birth naturally, which means that fluid could not be collected. You could conceivably gather amniotic fluid during a caesarian oral communication section, but that process coul d interfere with the engender of giving birth. Wednesday, 15 November 2006, 1800 doh Stem cells treat muscle diseaseA stem cell breakthrough could hold in to a discussion For brawny nicely dystrophy (MD), research has revealed. An Italian-French team found transplanting stem cells into dogs with a version of the disease markedly improved their symptoms. Writing in the daybook Nature, the team said the work paved the way for future trials in worldly concern. Scientists said it was a major mea received earlier and bolstered the idea that stem cells could be employ to treat MD. This is the first theatrical role of research that has convince me that stem cell therapy could coquet a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy Professor Dominic WellsMuscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders that cause the muscles in the body to gradually debauch over time and mobility to be lost. It shortens life span and there is currently no cure. The researchers, led by a team at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in Milan, Italy, tanged at the most common form of the disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This condition, which usually only affects boys, appears in about one in every 3,500 virile births and is ca employ by mutations in a particular gene that lead to a lack of dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining the impartiality of muscle.The team had previously seen promising results when they injected stem cells into mice with a version of this disease, but chimerical to dogs for their next trial because they replicate the musclewasting disease more accurately. Mobility returned The researchers used a form of stem cells, gathered from blood vessels, called mesoangioblasts, which are programmed to turn into muscle cells. They isolated the stem cells from both healthy dogs and also from MD dogs, with the latters stem cells then beingness circumscribed to correct the mutated gene. The scientists proceeded to inject these different types of stem cells into dogs with MD.They found that transferring the stem cells five quantify at monthly intervals produced the best results. Overall, injections of stem cells taken from healthy dogs showed the most improvement. quaternion out of the six dogs who received these stem cells saw the return of dystrophin and regained muscle strength. One dog that was injected at an early-stage of the disease kept up(p) the ability to walk, and two dogs injected at a late-stage of the disease had their mobility returned. Of the remaining two, one died early and the other, the scientists believe, did not receive enough cells.The experiment to inject MD dogs with their own change by reversal stem cells proved less successful, although the dytrophin protein returned. This nestle was investigated because, should stem cell treatment move into humans, it would mean patients could be injected with their own cells, minimising the mishaps of rejection and avoiding the need to take immunos uppressant drugs. The researchers wrote The work report here sets the logical premise for the origin of clinical experimentation that may lead to an efficacious therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Excellent work Dr Marita Pohlschmidt, coach of research at the Muscular muscular dystrophy Campaign, UK, said We feel encouraged by the work because the results provide initial show up that we might be one step closer to a stem cell treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell researcher at Kings College capital of the United Kingdom, said This is an excellent piece of work demonstrating momentous functional improvement in a naturally occurring disease in dogs that is very similar to that in humans. Although it will believably to be some time before this work can move to humans, it is til now an important study in developing therapies for muscular dystrophies. Professor Dominic Wells, of the gene targeting group at Imperial College, London, said T his is hitherto another example of the vital division animal research makes to the development of treatments for human disease. This is the first piece of research that has convinced me that stem cell therapy could play a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Kay Davies of the MRC Functional Genetics Unit, University of Oxford, said The use of stem cells to treat human disease holds great promise, but the actual delivery of such therapy is thought to be many years away. The data, she said, changed this view. However, she added that the researchers needed to find out why not all dogs responded positively. Wednesday, 8 November 2006, 1648 GMT Cell transplants restore jet goddess Cell transplants have successfully restored vision to mice which had lost their sight, leading to hopes people could enefit in the equivalent way. UK scientists treated animals which had center field damage similar to that seen in many human eye diseases. They were able to help them see aga in by transplanting immature retinene stem cells into their eyes. UK experts welcomed the study, published in the magazine Nature, saying it was arresting research. This is a stunning piece of research that may in the distant future may lead to transplants in humans to relieve blindness Professor Andrew slam University of BristolIf the results can be translated into a treatment for human eye disease, it could help the millions of people with conditions ranging from age-related macular degeneration to diabetes. Once the cone and rod photoreceptors in a retina are lost, they cannot be replaced. While treatments are being developed which might prevent or prevent the loss of these cells, scientists are also want to help those already affected. It is thought the retina is one of the best places to try out cell transplant therapy because photoreceptor loss initially leaves the rest of the wiring to the brain intact.But previous attempts to transplant stem cells, which can turn int o any kind of cell in the body, in the hope that they will become photoreceptors have failed because the cells were not developed enough. Harvest In this study, funded by the Medical Research Council, scientists from the University College London Institutes of Ophthalmology and Child Health and Moorfields nub Hospital transplanted cells which were more advanced, and already programmed to develop into photoreceptors. ? 1 Early stage retinal cells are taken from a newborn reverse ? 2 They are transplanted into the retina of a nobble which has lost its sight ? The cells implant and yoke with existing cells in the eye, restoring some sight to the mouse. The team took cells from three to five-day-old mice, a stage when the retina is about to be formed. The cells were then transplanted into animals which had been genetically digited to have conditions which meant they would gradually lose their sight either mimicking the human disease retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular d egeneration. The transplants were successful the photoreceptors implanted and made electrical connections to the animals existing retinal poise cells key to allowing them to see again.Tests showed that the mices pupils responded to light and that there was activity in the optical nerve, cover signals were being sent to the brain. Dr Jane Sowden, one of the studys leaders, said Remarkably, we found that the mature retina, previously believed to have no capacity for repair, is in point able to support the development of n ew functional photoreceptors. Not false hope To get human retinal cells at the same stage of development, however, would involve pickings stem cells from a foetus during the punt trimester of pregnancy.But Dr Robert MacLaren, a specialist at Moorfields Eye Hospital who worked on the research, said they did not want to go down that route. He said the aim now would be to manifestation at adult stem cells to see if they could be genetically altered to behave lik e the mouse retinal cells. There are some cells on the margin of adult retinas that have been identified as having stem cell -like properties, which the team says could be suitable. Dr MacLaren stressed it would be some time before patients could benefit from such a treatment, but he said that at least(prenominal) it was now a possibility. Every day, I sit in my clinic and have to tell patients that theres nothing I can do. I dont want to give patients false hope. But at least now, if I see a new-fangled patient, I can say that there might be something within your lifetime. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell expert at Kings College London, said I think this is important, splendid research it clearly shows that the host environment is important in directing the integration of transplanted cells. But Andrew Dick, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Bristol, added As with any basic research we have to be careful not to overhype.Remove the jello from the plastic cup onto the paper plate. We had some problem with this. The students may need to run the lingua around the very external edge of the Jello to loosen it. There are some suggestions that you might disperse the cup with Pam or some other non -stick material. We did not get a chance to try this yet. Running warm water over the cup may also loosen the Jello. 3. Cut the Jello/Knox in half and read the top half. one shot over the top and set it on the plate beside the bottom half 4. habituate the spoon to dig out a hole in the bottom half of the Jello/Knox cytoplasm . Just displace the food pieces into the Jello causes it to crack and come apart, making for a very mussy cell.Place the gumball in this hole to represent the nucleus of the cell. 5. Using the spoon to make spaces and your plat as a guide, place the other cell separate into the cell. Parts can be put into both the top and bottom half of the Jello/Knox cell 6. administer the top part of the cell and carefully place it on the to p. If the cell feels soft, you can put the separate back into the plastic cup, then turn it over onto the paper plate. Then carefully remove the plastic cup. 7. afterwards reviewing the parts one net time, those students who wish to can fertilise on their cell. Please use pick spoons in case the spoon you were working with fell on the floor or the table. Its Alive, Alive.Background You will be in groups of three, each with your own job. The jobs to choose from are contractor, Architect, and Surveyor. Your job, as a group, is to build the most practical(prenominal) life-like plant cell the world has ever seen. task What does a 3-dimensional cell look like? What are the various parts of plant cells? Materials Play-doe, food coloring or tempera paints (red, purple, dark-green, blue, white), 1 pair of gloves, recount or undercooked spaghetti, pepper, plastic-bubble packing, aluminum foil, plastic wrap, pencil shavings, scissors, 1 large knife, glue. surgical process 1.Before w e start be aware that on the final day you must present your cell to the class. 2. After you have decided upon your jobs, the Contractor and Architect will collaborate to design the plant cell. The design should be displace up on a piece of paper that explains what materials will be used for each organelle. It should be sloped the same color it will appear when it is built. Take your time and make a good drawing. This should be completed early on day two. Throughout this entire process the Surveyor should be writing down the order in which each organelle was intentional and the order in which it will be built. Along with this the Surveyor must make a copy of the design that the group can use when building it.The Surveyors job is to basically take notes all the way through, so if the final product doesnt come out as planned the Surveyor can look back at their notes and answer why. 3. After you have finished your design, hand it in and your teacher will approve it. If it is approv ed, you can start to build your cell. 4. Building should be the role of the contractor. Architects watch the bui lders to make sure they are doing it exactly as planned. Surveyors should take notes on how it is built and also can assist the Architects to make sure it is being built as planned. Its Just a Phase Theyre Going Through Problem What phases do cells undergo during mitosis? What happens at each phase?Materials Unlined paper (1 sheet), colored pencils, pencil, crayons, light microscope, sea-coasts, cover skulduggerys, onion plant (fresh), toothpicks, knife (used by teacher only), ace stain. Procedure Procedure Part A sailing Preparation Onion Skin a. beginning(a) take a piece of onion skin off the onion. b. Put it direct on a slide. c. Bring the slide to the leader for a drop of iodine stain. selective information Sheet d. Carefully put on a cover slip remembering to angle it. e. Examine the cell under low then long suit power. 1. Front f. Adjust your microscope to a higher(prenominal) power. 2. Procedure Part B Data Preparation 3. Back 1. You will take your paper fold and it in half, enunciate each ox created (front + back) numbers 1 4 as shown on the right. 4. 2. constrain a large box within numbered box, as shown. 3. deep down the large area you will draw the stages of mitosis, make them colorful. 4. Within the smaller box you will drop a line the name of each stage shown, and give a full description of what you see happening.Cells Vocabulary Quiz Directions Match the mental lexicon words on the left with the definitions on the right. 1. tissue the central, essential, or highly gruelling part around which other parts are grouped. 2. vacuole a musical tool consisting of a keyboard attached to a doodad that forces air through a number of pipes to produce a wide range of sounds pipe organ. 3. chromosome storage areas of the cell known for storing mostly water and/or food. 4. chlorophyll (chlorophyl) the ground protoplasm of cells that is outside the nucleus. 5. cell membrane Shaped like a bean, this cell organelle helps take food and manuf acture energy from it. 6. chloroplastA structure inside the nucleus where RNA is transcribed. 7. cell wall the mass of like cells in an animal or plant body, esp. as they form a specific organ 8. nucleolus Thin, intertwined pieces of DNA found in the cells nucleus. 9. organ the green (in color) pigment found in chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place. 10. cytoplasm Mostly made of cellulose, this is the tough and rigid outer layer of plant cells. 11. nucleus an egg shaped body that appears green from all the chlorophyll they contain. This organelle is where photosynthesis takes place. 12. chondriosome The enclosure of the cell that provides the body for all the organelles.Cells Word Chop Worksheet Directions The table down the stairs contains words that have been chopped in half. Find the pieces that fit together and spell out them in the answer area below. osome vac sues chrom tis cell chlor org leus embrane ophyll eolus ans ondria cell m oplast nucl nuc chlor plasm cyto mitoch uole wall.